uid=EDI,o=EDI,dc=edirepository,dc=org
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uid=EDI,o=EDI,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=org
all
public
read
doi:10.6073/pasta/878bcbaf9daa7869834c073334ca830c
Contribution of CO2 and CH4 emissions at ice-melt to annual emissions from 450 and 270
lakes, respectively, 1986 to 2014
Blaize
A.
Denfeld
Umea University
Blaize.denfeld@umu.se
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4391-7399
Helen
M.
Baulch
University of Saskatchewan
helen.baulch@usask.ca
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9018-4998
Paul
A.
Del Giorgio
Universite du Quebec a Montreal
del_giorgio.paul@uqam.ca
Stephanie
E.
Hampton
Washington State University
s.hampton@wsu.edu
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2389-4249
Jan
Karlsson
Umea University
jan.p.karlsson@umu.se
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5730-0694
Malgorzata
Golub
University of Wisconsin-Madison
golub.gosia@gmail.com
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9361-0331
Data Provider
Miitta
Rantakari
University of Helsinki
miitta.rantakari@helsinki.fi
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2335-6192
Data Provider
Pirkko
Kortelainen
SYKE
pirkko.kortelainen@ymparisto.fi
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1448-0688
Data Provider
Sari
Juutinen
University of Helsinki
sari.juutinen@helsinki.fi
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7752-1950
Data Provider
Sebastian
Sobek
Uppsala University
sebastian.sobek@ebc.uu.se
Data Provider
2017-12-21
The ice-covered period on lakes in the northern hemisphere can be extensive, lasting up
to 7 months of the year. During this time, C cycling in lakes is altered affecting CO2 and
CH4 dynamics below ice. Lake ice impedes atmospheric exchange, trapping CO2 and CH4 in the
lake over winter. As lake ice-melts, CO2 and CH4 that has accumulated over winter is emitted
from the into the atmosphere. To investigate the importance of CO2 and CH4 emissions during
the ice-melt period, we conducted a literature search for studies that had CO2 and CH4
emission estimates for both the ice-melt and open water period. From these literature
values, we could calculate the percent contribution of the ice-melt period to annual CO2 and
CH4 emissions. We obtained data for 243 (n= 258) and 447 (n= 689) individual lakes, for CH4
and CO2, respectively.
Carbon dioxide flux
methane flux
ice-melt emission
GLEON
Global Lake Observatory Network
CO2
CH4
lake
ice
emission
This data package is released to the “public domain” under Creative Commons CC0 1.0 “No
Rights Reserved” (see: https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/). It is considered
professional etiquette to provide attribution of the original work if this data package is
shared in whole or by individual components. A generic citation is provided for this data
package on the website https://portal.edirepository.org (herein “website”) in the summary
metadata page. Communication (and collaboration) with the creators of this data package is
recommended to prevent duplicate research or publication. This data package (and its
components) is made available “as is” and with no warranty of accuracy or fitness for use.
The creators of this data package and the website shall not be liable for any damages
resulting from misinterpretation or misuse of the data package or its components. Periodic
updates of this data package may be available from the website. Thank you.
Lakes in the Northern Hemisphere covering the temperate, boreal and arctic region including data from North America, Siberia, Scandinavia
-150.79
180
69.58
43.05
1986-01-01
2014-12-31
completed
Blaize
A.
Denfeld
Umea University
Blaize.denfeld@umu.se
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4391-7399
To quantify the importance of the ice-melt emission period, we conducted a
literature search for lake studies containing CO2 or CH4 emission estimates for both
ice-melt (ECO2_Ice/ECH4_Ice) and open water (ECO2_open/ECH4_open) period. The
contribution of ice-melt emission to annual emission, CO2_ICE and CH4_ICE (%), was
calculated as:
CO2_ICE = ECO2_Ice/ (ECO2_Ice + ECO2_open) 100 CH4_ICE = ECH4_Ice/
(ECH4_Ice + ECH4_open) 100
Ice-melt emission refers to the period where the lake transitions from ice-covered
to ice-free and gases accumulated during winter are emitted to the atmosphere. Open
water emission refers to the period from the end of the ice-melt transition to ice-on.
The method used to estimate CO2 and CH4 emission (mmol m-2 d-1) varied between studies
(see columns Flux_Method and Method notes), including gas exchange gradient (Cole and
Caraco 1998), boundary-layer diffusion (Phelps et al. 1998), floating chambers (Kankaala
et al. 2006), eddy covariance (Jammet et al. 2015), change in gas storage (Michmerhuizen
et al. 1996) and bubble traps (Walter et al. 2006). The gas exchange gradient and
boundary-layer diffusion methods require the concentration gradient between the water
and the air to be known. The gas exchange gradient method utilizes a gas exchange
coefficient (k), while the boundary-layer diffusion method uses a diffusion coefficient
and boundary layer thickness. Most commonly k was estimated from wind speed following
Cole and Caraco (1998). The diffusion coefficient and boundary-layer thickness were
estimated from temperature and windspeed, respectively (Kling et al. 1992). All methods
require gas concentration to be measured, either in the air or water. CO2 and CH4 in the
water was measured directly via the headspace technique, or in some cases CO2 was
calculated given pH, temperature, and concentrations of alkalinity or dissolved
inorganic carbon (Kling et al. 1992). For regional scale CO2 studies, where seasonal CO2
concentrations were available, CO2 emission was estimated using the gas exchange
gradient method i.e. gas concentration * gas exchange coefficient. Regional gas
concentration data was acquired via personal communication for the studies of Sobek et
al. (2003), Rantakari and Kortelainen (2005) and Kortelainen et al. (2006) and from the
North Temperate Lake Long Term Ecological Research (NTL-LTER) program database
(https://lter.limnology.wisc.edu/data) and the Swedih National Lake Inventory Program
(avaible at http://www.slu.se/vatten-miljo). Winter CO2 concentrations from the Swedih
National Lake Inventory Program were previoulsy reported in Denfeld et al. (2016). For
the NTL-LTER database, which included calculated CO2 data for 10 lakes from 1986-2014,
annual CO2 emission was determined as the sum of daily open water CO2 emissions,
computed from daily k following Cole and Caraco (1998) and interpolated point-in-time
CO2 concentrations (Golub, Pers. Comm.). The ice-melt emission was the sum of daily CO2
emission from the first two weeks since ice-out. For all other regional scale studies,
the gas concentration in the surface water of lake at the end of the ice-covered period
was used to calculate ice-melt CO2 emission. For the open water CO2 emission period,
surface water CO2 concentration measured during the spring, summer and/or fall were
used. The emission duration of the winter period was set to 15 days and the open water
period to 195 days. All studies had winter CO2 concentration data available. For the
open water period, Sobek et al. (2003) and Kortelainen et al. (2006) included spring,
summer and fall measurements, Rantakari and Kortelainen (2005) included summer and fall
measurements and an averaged open water measurement was made from data in the Swedih
National Lake Inventory Program database. To estimate k, Rantakari and Kortelainen
(2005) and Kortelainen et al. (2006) assumed a constant wind speed of 3 m s-1, following
Cole and Caraco (1998). While a lake-area adjusted k (Raymond et al. 2013) was applied
to the Sobek et al. (2003) and Denfeld et al. (2016) dataset.
References:
Cole, J. J., and N. F. Caraco. 1998. Atmospheric exchange of carbon dioxide in a
low-wind oligotrophic lake measured by the addition of SF6. Limnol. Oceanogr. 43:
647–656. doi:10.4319/lo.1998.43.4.0647 Denfeld, B. A., P. Kortelainen, M. Rantakari, S.
Sobek, and G. A. Weyhenmeyer. 2016. Regional Variability and Drivers of Below Ice CO2 in
Boreal and Subarctic Lakes. Ecosystems 19: 461–476. doi:10.1007/s10021-015-9944-z
Jammet, M., P. Crill, S. Dengel, and T. Friborg. 2015. Large methane emissions from a
subarctic lake during spring thaw: Mechanisms and landscape significance. J. Geophys.
Res. G Biogeosciences 120: 2289–2305. doi:10.1002/2015JG003137 Kankaala, P., J. Huotari,
E. Peltomaa, T. Saloranta, and A. Ojala. 2006. Methanotrophic activity in relation to
methane efflux and total heterotrophic bacterial production in a stratified, humic,
boreal lake. Limnol. Oceanogr. 51: 1195–1204. Kling, G. W., G. W. Kipphut, and M. C.
Miller. 1992. The flux of CO2 and CH4 from lakes and rivers in arctic Alaska.
Hydrobiologia 240: 23–36. doi:10.1007/BF00013449 Kortelainen, P., M. Rantakari, J. T.
Huttunen, and others. 2006. Sediment respiration and lake trophic state are important
predictors of large CO2 evasion from small boreal lakes. Glob. Chang. Biol. 12:
1554–1567. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01167.x Michmerhuizen, C. M., R. G. Striegl, and
M. E. Mcdonald. 1996. Potential methane emission from northern-temperate lakes following
ice melt. Limnol. Oceanogr. 41: 985–991. Phelps, A. R., K. M. Peterson, and O. Jeffries.
1998. Methane efflux from high-latitude lakes during spring ice melt. J. Geophys. Res.
103: 29029–29036. Rantakari, M., and P. Kortelainen. 2005. Interannual variation and
climatic regulation of the CO2 emission from large boreal lakes. Glob. Chang. Biol. 11:
1368–1380. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00982.x Raymond, P. a, J. Hartmann, R.
Lauerwald, and others. 2013. Global carbon dioxide emissions from inland waters. Nature
503: 355–359. doi:10.1038/nature12760 Sobek, S., G. Algesten, A.-K. Bergstrom, M.
Jansson, and L. J. Tranvik. 2003. The catchment and climate regulation of pCO 2 in
boreal lakes. Glob. Chang. Biol. 9: 630–641. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00619.x
Striegl, R. G., and C. M. Michmerhuizen. 1998. Hydrologic influence on methane and
carbon dioxide dynamics at two north-central Minnesota lakes. Limnol. Oceanogr. 43:
1519–1529. doi:10.4319/lo.1998.43.7.1519 Walter, K. M., S. A. Zimov, J. P. Chanton, D.
Verbyla, and F. S. Chapin. 2006. Methane bubbling from Siberian thaw lakes as a positive
feedback to climate warming. Nature 443: 71–75. doi:10.1038/nature05040
Under-Ice Ecology workshop
Stephanie
Hampton
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2389-4249
Principal Investigator
NSF DEB: 1431428
LTER: Comparative Study of a Suite of Lakes in Wisconsin
Emily
Stanley
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4922-8121
Principal Investigator
NSF DEB: 1440297
CH4_Icemelt_Flux.csv
Methane emission from lakes during ice-melt
CH4_Icemelt_Flux.csv
62603
adc2489b67f266518704e019483824c1
1
\r\n
column
,
"
https://pasta.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/edi/137/2/31726ae32a872e3415f94c13b35f8a59
measurement_ID
Unique number for each data point
string
Unique number for each data point
NA
not available
source_id
Unique number for each data source
string
Unique number for each data source
NA
not available
Source
The referenced study where the data was obtained (Pers. Comm. = personal communication)
string
The referenced study where the data was obtained (Pers. Comm. = personal communication)
NA
not available
Digital_Object_Identifier
DOI for the referenced study
string
DOI for the referenced study
NA
not available
Source_Notes
Comments specific to the referenced study
string
Comments specific to the referenced study
NA
not available
Region
The geographical region of each lake (i.e. Arctic, Subarctic, Boreal, Temperate)
string
The geographical region of each lake (i.e. Arctic, Subarctic, Boreal, Temperate)
NA
not available
num_datapoints
Number of total data points in each study
float
number
natural
1
207
NA
not available
num_lakes
Number of total lakes in each study
float
number
natural
1
207
NA
not available
Lake
Unique lake name/identifier
string
Unique lake name/identifier
NA
not available
Year
Year(s) that the lake was sampled
string
Year(s) that the lake was sampled
NA
not available
Per_Icemelt
Percent contribution of the ice-melt CH4 emission to annual emission
float
dimensionless
whole
0
100
NA
not available
Icemelt_Flux
CH4 Emission during the ice-melt period
float
millimolesPerSquareMeter
real
0
4803
NA
not available
Annual_Flux
CH4 Emission over the open water period (includes the ice-melt emission)
float
millimolesPerSquareMeter
real
3
19825
NA
not available
Ebullition
Indicates if flux includes ebullition (Y= yes) or not (N=no)
string
Indicates if flux includes ebullition (Y= yes) or not (N=no)
NA
not available
Flux_Note
Comments specific to the flux measurements
string
Comments specific to the flux measurements
NA
not available
Concentration_Method
The method used to measure CH4 concertation in the water (headspace = headspace technique, DIC/pH = CH4 calculated from dissolved inorganic carbon/pH, Alk/pH= CH4 calculated from alkalinity/pH)
string
The method used to measure CH4 concertation in the water (headspace = headspace technique, DIC/pH = CH4 calculated from dissolved inorganic carbon/pH, Alk/pH= CH4 calculated from alkalinity/pH)
NA
not available
Flux_Method
The method used to measure CH4 emission (Gradient = gas exchange gradient, Boundary= boundary-layer diffusion, Chamber, Storage= change in gas storage)
string
The method used to measure CH4 emission (Gradient = gas exchange gradient, Boundary= boundary-layer diffusion, Chamber, Storage= change in gas storage)
NA
not available
Method_Notes
Comments specific to the methods used to calculate flux
string
Comments specific to the methods used to calculate flux
NA
not available
258
CH4_Icemelt_Stats.csv
Data sources for methane emission data
CH4_Icemelt_Stats.csv
4725
3a1e6d59f556ba22f87c9c6d2ffd09fb
1
\r\n
column
,
"
https://pasta.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/edi/137/2/c8d99832e0da36cfff8e59c4ade92a68
source_id
Unique number for each source
string
Unique number for each source
NA
not available
Source
The referenced study where the data was obtained (Pers. Comm. = personal communication)
string
The referenced study where the data was obtained (Pers. Comm. = personal communication)
NA
not available
Digital_Object_Identifier
DOI for the referenced study
string
DOI for the referenced study
NA
not available
Source_Notes
Comments specific to the referenced study
string
Comments specific to the referenced study
NA
not available
Region
The geographical region of each lake (i.e. Arctic, Subarctic, Boreal, Temperate)
string
The geographical region of each lake (i.e. Arctic, Subarctic, Boreal, Temperate)
NA
not available
num_datapoints
Number of total data points in each study
float
number
natural
1
207
NA
not available
num_lake
Number of total lakes in each study
float
number
natural
1
207
NA
not available
Concentration_Method
The method used to measure CH4 concertation in the water (headspace = headspace technique)
string
The method used to measure CH4 concertation in the water (headspace = headspace technique)
NA
not available
Flux_Method
The method used to measure CH4 emission (Gradient = gas exchange gradient, Boundary= boundary-layer diffusion, Chamber, Storage= change in gas storage, Bubble = bubble traps)
string
The method used to measure CH4 emission (Gradient = gas exchange gradient, Boundary= boundary-layer diffusion, Chamber, Storage= change in gas storage, Bubble = bubble traps)
NA
not available
Method_Notes
Comments specific to the methods used to calculate flux
string
Comments specific to the methods used to calculate flux
NA
not available
Stats
States the statistic reported (i.e. mean or median)
string
States the statistic reported (i.e. mean or median)
NA
not available
Per_Icemelt
The mean and median percent contribution of the ice-melt CH4 emission to annual emission for studies that include multiple lakes
float
dimensionless
real
4
32
NA
not available
Icemelt_Flux
The mean and median CH4 emission during the ice-melt period for studies that include multiple lakes
float
millimolesPerSquareMeter
real
0.7
449
NA
not available
Annual_Flux
The mean and median CH4 emission over the open water period (including ice-melt emission) for studies that include multiple lakes
float
millimolesPerSquareMeter
real
7.5
1801
NA
not available
Winter_pCH4
The mean and median partial pressure of CH4 for the winter period
float
micromolesPerLiter
real
0.07
3.39
NA
not available
Spring_pCH4
The mean and median partial pressure of CH4 for the spring period
float
micromolesPerLiter
real
0.1
0.16
NA
not available
Summer_pCH4
The mean and median partial pressure of CH4 for the summer period
float
micromolesPerLiter
real
0.17
0.25
NA
not available
Autumn_pCH4
The mean and median partial pressure of CH4 for the winter period
float
micromolesPerLiter
real
0.08
0.24
NA
not available
26
CO2_Icemelt_Flux.csv
Carbon dioxide emission from lakes during ice-melt
CO2_Icemelt_Flux.csv
317970
a41d92bea4628814933451f64c200d7a
1
\r\n
column
,
"
https://pasta.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/edi/137/2/a67ff8ef6b7b71d5ead0589239da3251
measurement_ID
Unique number for each data point
string
Unique number for each data point
NA
not available
source_id
Unique number for each source
string
Unique number for each source
NA
not available
Source
The referenced study where the data was obtained (Pers. Comm. = personal communication)
string
The referenced study where the data was obtained (Pers. Comm. = personal communication)
NA
not available
Digital_Object_Identifier
DOI for the referenced study
string
DOI for the referenced study
NA
not available
Source_Notes
Comments specific to the referenced study
string
Comments specific to the referenced study
NA
not available
Region
The geographical region of each lake (i.e. Arctic, Subarctic, Boreal, Temperate)
string
The geographical region of each lake (i.e. Arctic, Subarctic, Boreal, Temperate)
NA
not available
num_datapoints
Number of total data points in each study
float
number
natural
1
241
NA
not available
num_lakes
Number of total lakes in each study
float
number
natural
1
176
NA
not available
Lake
Unique lake name/identifier
string
Unique lake name/identifier
NA
not available
Year
Year(s) that the lake was sampled
string
Year(s) that the lake was sampled
NA
not available
Per_Icemelt
Percent contribution of the ice-melt CO2 emission to annual emission
float
dimensionless
real
-31
100
NA
not available
Icemelt_Flux
CO2 Emission during the ice-melt period
float
millimolesPerSquareMeter
real
-82
7400
NA
not available
Annual_Flux
CO2 Emission over the open water period (includes the ice-melt emission)
float
millimolesPerSquareMeter
real
-929
27000
NA
not available
Flux_Notes
Comments specific to the flux measurements
string
Comments specific to the flux measurements
NA
not available
Concentration_Method
The method used to measure CO2 concertation in the water (headspace = headspace technique, DIC/pH = CO2 calculated from dissolved inorganic carbon/pH, Alk/pH= CO2 calculated from alkalinity/pH)
string
The method used to measure CO2 concertation in the water (headspace = headspace technique, DIC/pH = CO2 calculated from dissolved inorganic carbon/pH, Alk/pH= CO2 calculated from alkalinity/pH)
NA
not available
Flux_Method
The method used to measure CO2 emission (Gradient = gas exchange gradient, Boundary= boundary-layer diffusion, Chamber, Storage= change in gas storage)
string
The method used to measure CO2 emission (Gradient = gas exchange gradient, Boundary= boundary-layer diffusion, Chamber, Storage= change in gas storage)
NA
not available
Method_Notes
Comments specific to the methods used to calculate flux
string
Comments specific to the methods used to calculate flux
NA
not available
689
CO2_Icemelt_Stats.csv
Data sources for carbon dioxide emission data
CO2_Icemelt_Stats.csv
8491
fdf0db89782d75ada162539d6d698eef
1
\r\n
column
,
"
https://pasta.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/edi/137/2/bb9782d0df38da2a260b9a0ca18b579a
source_id
Unique number for each source
string
Unique number for each source
NA
not available
Source
The referenced study where the data was obtained (Pers. Comm. = personal communication)
string
The referenced study where the data was obtained (Pers. Comm. = personal communication)
NA
not available
Digital_Object_Identifier
DOI for the referenced study
string
DOI for the referenced study
NA
not available
Source_Notes
Comments specific to the referenced study
string
Comments specific to the referenced study
NA
not available
Region
The geographical region of each lake (i.e. Arctic, Subarctic, Boreal, Temperate)
string
The geographical region of each lake (i.e. Arctic, Subarctic, Boreal, Temperate)
NA
not available
num_datapoints
Number of total data points in each study
float
number
natural
1
241
NA
not available
num_lakes
Number of total lakes in each study
float
number
natural
1
176
NA
not available
Concentration_Method
The method used to measure CO2 concertation in the water (headspace = headspace technique, DIC/pH = CO2 calculated from dissolved inorganic carbon/pH, Alk/pH= CO2 calculated from alkalinity/pH)
string
The method used to measure CO2 concertation in the water (headspace = headspace technique, DIC/pH = CO2 calculated from dissolved inorganic carbon/pH, Alk/pH= CO2 calculated from alkalinity/pH)
NA
not available
Flux_Method
The method used to measure CO2 emission (Gradient = gas exchange gradient, Boundary= boundary-layer diffusion, Chamber, Storage= change in gas storage)
string
The method used to measure CO2 emission (Gradient = gas exchange gradient, Boundary= boundary-layer diffusion, Chamber, Storage= change in gas storage)
NA
not available
Method_Notes
Comments specific to the methods used to calculate flux
string
Comments specific to the methods used to calculate flux
NA
not available
Stats
States the statistic reported (i.e. mean or median)
string
States the statistic reported (i.e. mean or median)
NA
not available
Per_Icemelt
The mean and median percent contribution of the ice-melt CO2 emission to annual emission for studies that include multiple lakes
float
dimensionless
real
2.1
55
NA
not available
Icemelt_Flux
The mean and median CO2 emission during the ice-melt period for studies that include multiple lakes
float
millimolesPerSquareMeter
real
178.2
7000
NA
not available
Annual_Flux
The mean and median CO2 emission over the open water period (including ice-melt emission) for studies that include multiple lakes
float
millimolesPerSquareMeter
real
734
25500
NA
not available
Winter_pCO2
The mean and median partial pressure of CO2 for the winter period
float
microAtmosphere
real
4610
5665
NA
not available
Spring_pCO2
The mean and median partial pressure of CO2 for the spring period
float
microAtmosphere
real
2615
3356
NA
not available
Summer_pCO2
The mean and median partial pressure of CO2 for the summer period
float
microAtmosphere
real
3062
3590
NA
not available
Autumn_pCO2
The mean and median partial pressure of CO2 for the winter period
float
microAtmosphere
real
2725
3176
NA
not available
29